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HomeAcademic staffProfessor Hari Upadhyaya

Professor Hari Upadhyaya

upadhyah@lsbu.ac.uk

Electrical and Electronic Engineering

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I joined London South Bank University in 2018 as Head of Advanced Materials Centre. Prior to this, I held Chair positions at Brunel University (2014-18), at Heriot-Watt University (2011-14) and was instrumental in establishing the world class PV laboratory at CREST, Loughborough University (2005-2011). Currently, I am Professor of Clean Energy Technologies and founding Director of London Centre for Energy Engineering (LCEE).

The LCEE is a virtual centre was formed with a vision to bring together research strength of members of staff within the School of Engineering (SoE) to be recognised nationally and internationally as a leading UK's research centre undertaking innovative, cutting-edge and multidisciplinary energy research activities in solar photovoltaics and thermal, energy storage, heating and cooling, materials for energy, lighting technologies, functional coatings, precision manufacturing, modelling using artificial intelligence and deep learning, etc. With its inception in 2019, the centre was able to successfully identify, and connect diverse groups across the SoE pursuing energy engineering research, including early career researchers for necessary grooming and advancements in their careers.

I am an expert in thin-film deposition using vacuum and non-vacuum processing towards photovoltaic materials and device research. My research experience spans over 30 years in Renewable Energy technologies involving activities on Transparent Conducting Oxides (TCOs), Dye-sensitized Solar Cell (DSC), Perovskite solar cells, CdTe and CIGS thin film solar cells. Besides, my interest also includes Na- rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors and Diesel Particle Filter (US patent), which links directly with C-emission reduction in the transport sector.

I had been involved in managing several Innovate UK/TSB and EPSRC sponsored programs such as Excitonic Supergen consortium (2009-2014), the flagship EPSRC-DST funded APEX-I and II project between India and UK worth £8 Million (2010-18) as coordinator from UK, which involved top UK and Indian Institutions. The success of this bilateral (Indo-UK) program has earned me the first ‘Newton Prize'. Subsequently, I took lead in forming a network of experts in a bid to win the GCRF sponsored SUNRISE program worth ~£7M led by Swansea University, where I was one of the Co-investigators and deputy coordinator of the program (http://www.sunrisenetwork.org). Currently, my efforts are directed towards forming a strong Network to deliver Net-zero solutions in Indian villages by tackling Water-Energy-Food nexus. Over the years, I have successfully established strong links with industries in the UK and abroad viz. SolaronixSA, Scientific Vacuum Systems, NSG-Pilkington, BIPVCo, DuPont Teijin Films, Johnson Matthey, BHEL, Tata steel, Moserbaer, Power on Demand, Milman, etc

Courses taught

Electrical and Electronic Engineering - MSc

Rail and Rail Systems Engineer Apprenticeship (Traction and Rolling Stock)

Postgraduate Research Supervision
Current
Miss Covadonga Pardo-SanchezThe influence of plasmonic nanoparticles on thine crystalline silicon solar cellsPhD

Awarded in the last 5 years
Mr Md Abul HasnathThe Digitisation of the Sputter Deposition Process of Transparent Conductive Oxides by Implementing Artificial IntelligencePhD
Ph.D. (Physics)

Department of Physics, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi-221005, India.

Thesis Title: Studies on a few junction devices using Chemical Bath Deposited Semiconducting thin films of CdxPb1-xS.

1984
1992
M.Sc. (Physics)

Department of Physics, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi-221005, India.

Dissertation: Designing of an input port for 8085-microprocessor chip

1981
1984
B.Sc (Honours) in Physics

Department of Physics, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi-221005, India.

1977
1981
Professor and Head of Advanced Materials Centre
School of Engineering, London South Bank University, UK

1. Leading the research group with two other academics on Clean & Sustianable Energy Technologies viz. thin film photovoltaics, thin film processing of materials for functional coatings.

2. Led and managed the Advanced Materials Centre with about eight academics from July 2018 to September 2019.

3. Founded and led the London Centre for Energy Engineering from September 2019 to January 2022.

4. Coordinated the multi partner and multi-nation network program called SUNRISE supported by GCRF/ EPSRC.

5. Module Leader (ML) for level 7, Advanced Power Electronics and Renewable Energy Systems within MSc in Electrical and Electronics Engineering.

6. Developed the new module on Rail Electrical Systems and Operations as ML for Rail and Rail Systems within Railway Apprentice course.

7. Supervision mentoring of five PDRAs, and two PhD students and several MSc, MEng and BEng students

2018
Education
Professor and Chair in Solar Energy Technologies
Wolfson Centre for Materials Processing, Brunel University, London Uxbridge- UB8 3PH, London, UK

1 Chaired the Post Graduate Panel of Exam and Board of Exam meetings at Mechanical and

Aerospace Engineering (MAE) and Advanced Mechanical Engineering (AMEE) from 2015

to 2018.

2 Participated in the recruitment exercise of academic posts in Civil Engineering in 2016.

3 Managed and mentored four Research Associates for the work on Solar Energy

Photovoltaics viz. Materials and device preparations

4 Coordinated Indo-UK project called APEX-II jointly supported by EPSRC and DST, India.

5 Development of new generation Diesel Particle Filter/ demonstrator

Shared a module on Renewable Energy Technologies with other academic for years

2015-16, 2016-17 and 2017-18.

6. Shared an assignment-based module “Design Experience” for MSc in Advanced

Engineering Design.

7. Supervised several MSc students for their dissertation projects on yearly basis.

8. Involved in leading to establish an MSc course in “Materials Engineering”

2014
2018
Education
Professor and Chair in Solar Energy technologies
Heriot Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh UK.

1. Foundingn Deputy Director of Institute of Mechanical Process and Energy Engineering

(IMPEE)

2. Head of Energy Engineering division and line managed seven academics.

3. Involved in the formation of the Energy Academy, a virtual centre for linking energy related

academics within the school.

4. Involved in coordinating REF-14 under Energy and Resource Management theme under

general engineering with Edinburgh University

5. Took responsibility of course director for two courses (1) Energy Studies and (2)

Renewable Energy Technologies and was involved in teaching these module blocks

sharing with other academics.

6. Supervised experimental dissertation projects on average 5 projects per year.

7. Taught Thermodynamics to UG level students

8. Took part in setting questions, marking and grading as course director and module block

leader.

2011
2014
Education
Sr. Lecturer/ Lecturer/ Research Fellow
Dept. of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, Loughborough University, LE11 3TU, UK

1. Led ‘Thin Film and Excitonic photovoltaics’ group at CREST and established facilities for

the thin film CIGS and CdTe solar cells processing and characterization laboratory, with

conventional vacuum (sputtering, etc.) and low cost non-vacuum (spray pyrolysis,

chemical bath, electrodeposition, etc.) based processing equipment for thin and thick film

PV.

2. Took responsibility and active part in establishing one of the largest PV laboratories in the

UK, specifications and procurement of equipments for fabrication of materials and devices

as well as their characterization viz. Surface profilometer, Solar Simulator for I-V

measurement of small area PV devices, Electrochemical workstation for Impedance

Spectroscopy and other measurements, Hall measurement, etc.for the establishment of

the new PV laboratory.

3. Established solely the field of Dye Sensitised solar Cells and Organic Solar cells at the

newly built PV devices laboratory at CREST, Holywell Park.

4. Departmental Safety Officer (DSO) at CREST Holywell Park site.

5. Took mentoring role as Person Tutor for undergraduate students (on average five in

number) in the Electronic and Electrical Engineering department for last three years.

6. Role as Company Director towards the Project Management module at the UG level for the

development of projects under ‘Robotics Olympiad’ for last three years.

7. Involved in the post graduate teaching in various capacities for M.Sc. in Renewable

Energy Systems Technology (MREST) at CREST, department of Electronic & Electrical

Engineering, Loughborough University, UK, since year 2006.

8. Taught Solar -1 and Solar-2 with the tutorials (for regular and distance learning students)

as a part of MREST course.

9. Taught ‘Thin Film PV’ module with tutorials for MREST regular and distance learning

students.

10. Contributing towards Solar-1 module laboratory demonstration for regular students

2005
2011
Education
Academic Visitor
Centre for Electronic Materials and Devices, Dept. of Chemistry, Imperial College London, SW17 2AZ.

1. Responsible (in-charge) for the following apparatus: I-V measurements rig with solar

simulator for solar cell characterisation, Long term stability tester for solar cells and IPCE

(Quantum Efficiency).

2. Learnt and attended professional course on ‘I-procurement (On-line ordering of

equipment, materials etc.)’ by Staff Development Unit, Imperial College, October, 2003.

3. Attended Laser safety course as Health & safety induction course for laser related

experiments.

4. Helped in the supervision of PhD students.

5. Supervised one M.Res. student for her dissertation project.

2002
2005
Education
Sr. Lecturer/ Lecturer
Department of Physics, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science & Technology (NERIST), Itanagar, India.

1. In- charge, X- Ray Diffractometer Unit (Rigaku, Model D-Max-2) as the part of the Central

Research Facility (CRF) at NERIST.

2. Established ‘Solid State Electronics’ Laboratory at NERIST to carry out work on thin-film

photovoltaics and power storage devices.

3. Member of Academic Committee at NERIST for the year 1998-99.

4. Member, Kendriya Vidyalaya, NERIST (Campus High School), Management Committee in

2001.

5. In-charge Computer laboratory, Department of Physics, NERIST from January 2000-02.

6. Library representative of Department of Physics, NERIST from 1998 to 2002.

7. Member, Purchase Committee of the Department of Physics, from 1997 to Feb.2002.

8. Member, Academic Committee of the Department of Physics from 1998 to 2002.

9. Conducted UG/ PG laboratories for experimental demonstration at Base, Diploma and

Degree level.

10. Introduced several new experiments for the diploma and degree level students at NERIST,

11. Successfully completed probationary requirement of teaching with a good feedback.

12. Excellent teaching abilities as Lecturer/ Senior Lecturer (at NERIST, India) demonstrated

at graduate and post-graduate levels. Taught nearly all core Physics courses and

Elementary Electrical and Electronics in NERIST for ~7 years in Base, Diploma and Degree

modules (for students of six engineering streams including Physics).

1996
2002
Education
Research Associate
Department of Physics, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, India.

1. Demonstrator for M.Sc. (Electronics) laboratory during session 1993-94 at Department of

Physics, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), India.

2. Assisted in supervising a few MSc students for dissertation projects in Electronics.

3. Demonstrator for B.Sc. (Physics) laboratory during 1994-95, Department of Physics, BHU,

India.

4. Helped in the demonstrations of PG and UG level experiments.

5. Helped in s organization of several National level conferences and an ‘Asian conference on

Solid State Ionics’ in 1992, at the department of Physics, BHU.

1991
1996
Education
FunderYear wonProjectRole
UK Research and Innovation (UKRI)2021Network to Net-ZeroPrincipal Investigator
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)2021Global Research Translation Award - SUNRISEPrincipal Investigator
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)2021AI DESIGNED ANTI-VIRAL SURFACE MATERIALS (ADAVSM)Principal Investigator
British Council 2018Newton Fund: Researcher Links programmePrincipal Investigator
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)2018Strategic University Network to Revolutionise Indian Solar Energy (SUNRISE)Principal Investigator
Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS)2018Newton Prize: India winning project: Advancing the Efficiency and the Production Potential of Excitonic Solar Cells APEX-IIPrincipal Investigator
ProposalProjectRoleFunderStatusStatus last updated
Next Gen Solar Technologies and their applicationsNext Gen Solar Technologies and their applicationsPrincipal InvestigatorUK Research and Innovation (UKRI)OPEN In preparationMar 2024
H30 group ConsultancyH30 group ConsultancyPrincipal InvestigatorH30 Group LtdOPEN In preparationDec 2023
Newton Fund: Researcher Links Workshop (Transfer from Brunel)Newton Fund: Researcher Links programmePrincipal InvestigatorBritish Council OPEN Approved for submissionMar 2019
Institute of Physics (IoP), & Solar Energy Society, UK
2007
2011
IEEE
2012
2013
Indian Physics Association
1984
Semiconductor Society of India
1988
Indian Solid State Ionics Society
1998

Associate editor
2010
Prizes, awards, and accolades

First Newton Prize (Nov 2017)

BEIS

The flagship EPSRC-DST funded APEX-I and II project between India and UK worth £8 Million (2010-18) as coordinator from UK, which involved top UK and Indian Institutions. The success of this bilateral (Indo-UK) program has earned me the first ‘Newton Prize ’


International Collaboration of the Year (Nov 2020)

Times Higher Education (THE) awards

These awards are the year’s biggest celebration of UK higher education (the ‘Oscars of higher education’!), recognising outstanding work across a wide range of university activity. There were hundreds of applicants despite the pandemic, with 80 shortlisted across 20 categories.


Knowledge Exchange Partnership of the Year (Nov 2021)

Praxis Auril

The project, Sunrise Network, was the winner of the prize. Prof Upadhyaya is Deputy Principal Director of the project. .

http://www.sunrisenetwork.org/about-us/#our-people

So LSBU is quite involved in the founding, ownership and management of this project – so it is a win for us along our partner organisations.


Filter publications

Graphene-like Dispersion and Strong Optical Absorption in Two-Dimensional RP-type Sr3Ti2S7 Perovskite
Liu, H., Gao, R., Yang, J., Banthia, R.D., Yang, F., Wang, T., Upadhyaya, H. and Jain, S. (2023). Graphene-like Dispersion and Strong Optical Absorption in Two-Dimensional RP-type Sr3Ti2S7 Perovskite. Crystal Growth & Design. 23 (12), pp. 8575-8583. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.3c00608

Tin Sulfide (SnS) Films Deposited by an Electric Field-Assisted Continuous Spray Pyrolysis Technique with Application as Counter Electrodes in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Mohammad, T., Alam, F., Sadhanala, A., Upadhyaya, H.M. and Dutta, Viresh (2022). Tin Sulfide (SnS) Films Deposited by an Electric Field-Assisted Continuous Spray Pyrolysis Technique with Application as Counter Electrodes in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. ACS Omega. 7 (44), p. 39690–39696. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c03454

Implementing Supervised and Unsupervised Deep-Learning Methods to Predict Sputtering Plasma Features, a Step toward Digitizing Sputter Deposition of Thin Films
Salimian, A., Pardo Sanchez, C., Hasnath, M., Haine, E. and Upadhyaya, H. (2022). Implementing Supervised and Unsupervised Deep-Learning Methods to Predict Sputtering Plasma Features, a Step toward Digitizing Sputter Deposition of Thin Films. Coatings. 12 (7), p. 953. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12070953

Thermal spray coatings for electromagnetic wave absorption and interference shielding: a review and future challenges
Faisal, N.H., Ahmed, R., Sellami, N., Prathuru, A., Njuguna, J., Venturi, F., Hussain, T., Nezhad, H.Y., Kumar, N., Goel, S., Upadhyaya, H., Joshi, S., Muhammad-Sukki, F., Prabhu, R., Mallick, T., Whittow, W. and Kamnis, S. (2022). Thermal spray coatings for electromagnetic wave absorption and interference shielding: a review and future challenges. Advanced Engineering Materials. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202200171

Artificial Neural Networks to Predict Sheet Resistance of Indium-Doped Zinc Oxide Thin Films Deposited via Plasma Deposition
Salimian, A., Aminishahsavarani, A. and Upadhyaya, H. (2022). Artificial Neural Networks to Predict Sheet Resistance of Indium-Doped Zinc Oxide Thin Films Deposited via Plasma Deposition. Coatings. 12 (2), p. 225. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12020225

A Bibliometric Study on Biomimetic and Bioinspired Membranes for Water Filtration
Goel, G., Hélix-Nielsen, C., Upadhyaya, H. and Goel, S. (2021). A Bibliometric Study on Biomimetic and Bioinspired Membranes for Water Filtration . npj Clean Water. 4. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-021-00131-4

Atomic scale friction studies on single crystal GaAs using AFM and molecular dynamics simulation
Fan, P., Goel, S., Luo, X. and Upadhyaya, H. (2021). Atomic scale friction studies on single crystal GaAs using AFM and molecular dynamics simulation. Nanomanufacturing and Metrology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41871-021-00109-3

Large scale manufacturing route to metamaterial coatings using thermal spray techniques and their response to solar radiation
Faisal, N.H., Sellami, N., Venturi, F., Hussain, T., Mallick, T., Muhammad-Sukki, F., Bishop, A., Upadhyaya, H., Kumar, N. and Goel, S. (2021). Large scale manufacturing route to metamaterial coatings using thermal spray techniques and their response to solar radiation. Emergent Materials. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42247-021-00252-z

Hypothesis on the Influence of the Magnetic Behaviour of Hydrogen Doped Zinc Oxide during Its Plasma Sputtering Process
Salimian, A., Hasnath, A., Aminishahsavarani, A. and Upadhyaya, H. (2021). Hypothesis on the Influence of the Magnetic Behaviour of Hydrogen Doped Zinc Oxide during Its Plasma Sputtering Process. Coatings. 11 (2), p. e222. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11020222

Horizons of modern molecular dynamics simulation in digitalised solid freeform fabrication with advanced materials
Goel, S., Knaggs, M., Goel, G., Zhou, X. W., Upadhyaya, H.M., Thakur, V. F., Kumar, V., Bizarri, G., Tiwari, A., Murphy, A., Stukowskii, A. and Matthewsj, A. (2020). Horizons of modern molecular dynamics simulation in digitalised solid freeform fabrication with advanced materials. Materials Today Chemistry. 18, p. 100356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtchem.2020.100356

Phase evolution, morphological, optical and electrical properties of femtosecond pulsed laser deposited TiO2 thin films
Kumi-Barimah, E, Penhale-Jones, R, Salimian, A, Upadhyaya, H, Hasnath, A. and Jose, G (2020). Phase evolution, morphological, optical and electrical properties of femtosecond pulsed laser deposited TiO2 thin films. Scientific Reports. 10 (1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67367-x

Resilient and Agile Engineering Solutions to Address Societal Challenges like Coronavirus Pandemic
Goel, S., Hawi, S., Goel, G., Thakur, V.K., Pearce, O., Hoskins, C., Hussain, T., Agrawal, A., Upadhyaya, H., Cross, G. and Barber, A. (2020). Resilient and Agile Engineering Solutions to Address Societal Challenges like Coronavirus Pandemic. Materials Today Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtchem.2020.100300

Highly Conductive Zinc Oxide Based Transparent Conductive Oxide Films Prepared using RF Plasma Sputtering Under Reducing Atmosphere
Salimian, A., Upadhyaya, H., Hasnath, A., Aminishahsavarani, A., Pardo Sanchez, C., Anguilano, L., Uchechukwu O. and Sanchez, C (2020). Highly Conductive Zinc Oxide Based Transparent Conductive Oxide Films Prepared using RF Plasma Sputtering Under Reducing Atmosphere. Coatings. 10 (5), p. 472. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10050472

Synthesis of SnSe quantum dots by successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method for efficient solar cells applications
Kishore Kumar, D, Loskot, J, Kříž, J, Bennett, N, Upadhyaya, HM, Sadhu, V, Venkata Reddy, C and Reddy, KR (2020). Synthesis of SnSe quantum dots by successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method for efficient solar cells applications. Solar Energy. 199, pp. 570-574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2020.02.050

Screen printed tin selenide films used as the counter electrodes in dye sensitized solar cells
Kishore Kumar, D, Popuri, SR, Swami, SK, Onuoha, OR, Bos, JW, Chen, B, Bennett, N and Upadhyaya, HM (2019). Screen printed tin selenide films used as the counter electrodes in dye sensitized solar cells. Solar Energy. 190, pp. 28-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2019.07.066

Low-temperature titania-graphene quantum dots paste for flexible dye-sensitised solar cell applications
Kumar, DK, Suazo-Davila, D, García-Torres, D, Cook, NP, Ivaturi, A, Hsu, MH, Martí, AA, Cabrera, CR, Chen, B, Bennett, N and Upadhyaya, HM (2019). Low-temperature titania-graphene quantum dots paste for flexible dye-sensitised solar cell applications. Electrochimica Acta. 305, pp. 278-284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2019.03.040

Optical analysis of RF sputtering plasma through colour characterization
Salimian, A., Haghpanahan, R., Hasnath, A. and Upadhyaya, H. (2019). Optical analysis of RF sputtering plasma through colour characterization. Coatings. 9 (5), pp. 315-315. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9050315

Scalable screen-printing manufacturing process for graphene oxide platinum free alternative counter electrodes in efficient dye sensitized solar cells
Kumar, DK, Swami, SK, Dutta, V, Chen, B, Bennett, N and Upadhyaya, HM (2019). Scalable screen-printing manufacturing process for graphene oxide platinum free alternative counter electrodes in efficient dye sensitized solar cells. FlatChem. 15, pp. 100105-100105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flatc.2019.100105

Optimizing room temperature binder free TiO2 paste for high efficiency flexible polymer dye sensitized solar cells
Kishore Kumar, D, Hsu, MH, Ivaturi, A, Chen, B, Bennett, N and Upadhyaya, HM (2019). Optimizing room temperature binder free TiO2 paste for high efficiency flexible polymer dye sensitized solar cells. Flexible and Printed Electronics. 4 (1), pp. 015007-015007. https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-8585/ab02c4

Ambient stable, hydrophobic, electrically conductive porphyrin hole-extracting materials for printable perovskite solar cells
Reddy, G., Katakam, R., Devulapally, K., Jones, L.A., Della Gaspera, E., Upadhyaya, H.M., Islavath, N. and Giribabu, L. (2019). Ambient stable, hydrophobic, electrically conductive porphyrin hole-extracting materials for printable perovskite solar cells. Journal of Materials Chemistry C. 7 (16), pp. 4702-4708. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9tc00605b

Investigating the emission characteristics of single crystal YAG when activated by high power laser beams
Salimian, A, Silver, J, Fern, GR, Upadhyaya, H, Metcalfe, A, Ireland, TG, Harris, P and Haghpanahan, R (2016). Investigating the emission characteristics of single crystal YAG when activated by high power laser beams. ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology. 5 (10), pp. R172-R177. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0271610jss

Laser diode induced lighting modules
Salimian, A., Fern, G.R., Upadhyaya, H. and Silver, J. (2016). Laser diode induced lighting modules. ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology. 5 (3), pp. R26-R33. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0101603jss

High mobility titanium-doped indium oxide for use in tandem solar cells deposited via pulsed DC magnetron sputtering
Grew, B, Bowers, JW, Lisco, F, Arnou, N, Walls, JM and Upadhyaya, HM (2014). High mobility titanium-doped indium oxide for use in tandem solar cells deposited via pulsed DC magnetron sputtering. Energy Procedia. 60 (C), pp. 148-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.12.357

Spray deposited copper zinc tin sulphide (Cu<inf>2</inf>ZnSnS<inf>4</inf>) film as a counter electrode in dye sensitized solar cells
Swami, S.K., Chaturvedi, N., Kumar, A., Chander, N., Dutta, V., Kumar, D.K., Ivaturi, A., Senthilarasu, S. and Upadhyaya, H.M. (2014). Spray deposited copper zinc tin sulphide (Cu<inf>2</inf>ZnSnS<inf>4</inf>) film as a counter electrode in dye sensitized solar cells. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 16 (43), pp. 23993-23999. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4cp03312d

Design and optimisation of process parameters in an in-line CIGS evaporation pilot system
Wei, Z., Bobbili, P.R., Senthilarasu, S., Shimell, T. and Upadhyaya, H.M. (2014). Design and optimisation of process parameters in an in-line CIGS evaporation pilot system. Surface & Coatings Technology. 241, pp. 159-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2013.10.033